Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine. It is a chronic condition characterized by abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, and digestive discomfort. Although IBS does not damage the intestines permanently or increase cancer risk, it can significantly affect daily life and mental well-being.
What Happens in IBS? (Pathophysiology)
IBS is believed to occur due to a combination of:
Abnormal gut motility – intestines contract too fast or too slow.
Visceral hypersensitivity – increased sensitivity to pain in the gut.
Brain–gut axis dysfunction – communication issues between the nervous system & digestive tract.
Altered gut microbiota – imbalance of healthy gut bacteria.
Post-infectious inflammation – IBS may develop after gastroenteritis.
IBS has no single cause, but several factors contribute:
Trigger
How It Affects
Worsens symptoms due to brain–gut axis involvement
Spicy, fatty foods, caffeine, alcohol may trigger flares
Symptoms commonly worsen during menstruation
Food poisoning or gut infections increase risk
Fermentable carbs causing gas & bloating
IBS is categorized based on bowel habits:
Type
Description
Mixed (alternating constipation & diarrhea)
Unclassified, symptoms vary
Recurrent abdominal pain or cramps
Constipation, diarrhea, or both
Feeling of incomplete evacuation
Pain relief after bowel movement (often)
Red flag symptoms (need urgent evaluation):
Symptoms after age 50 with no prior history
IBS is diagnosed clinically with criteria like the Rome IV Criteria:
Abdominal pain at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months, associated with change in stool frequency or form.
Tests may be done to rule out other conditions:
Colonoscopy (if red flags present)
Screening for celiac disease or lactose intolerance
There is no single cure, but symptoms can be controlled.
Low FODMAP diet (under supervision)
Increase soluble fiber (psyllium)
Avoid trigger foods:
caffeine, artificial sweeteners, fried foods
Keep a food diary to identify triggers
Fiber supplements, PEG (laxatives), Lubiprostone
Loperamide, bile acid binders
Antispasmodics (Dicyclomine, Mebeverine)
Low-dose antidepressants (TCAs/SSRIs)
(Note: Treatment should be guided by a doctor.)
Stress reduction: yoga, meditation, counseling
IBS is a long-term condition but manageable. With proper lifestyle changes and treatment, most people experience significant improvement. Early recognition and personalized care improve outcomes and quality of life.
Disclaimer:
The information provided on this website is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified physician or other licensed healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Do not ignore or delay seeking medical advice because of information you read on this website. The use of any information provided here is solely at your own risk.